Let \[f(x)=\left\{ \begin{align}
& -x\text{ for }x\le 0 \\
& {{\text{x}}^{2}}\text{ for } 0 < x\le 1 \\
& {{x}^{3}}\text{-x+1 for } x > 1 \\
\end{align} \right.\]
The number of points at which \[f\] is continuous but not differentiable is:
Answer
663.6k+ views
Hint: If the left derivative of a function at a point is not equal to the right derivative of the function at the same point , then the function is said to be not differentiable at that point.
Complete step-by-step answer:
We will consider the following cases to check continuity and differentiability of the function.
Case 1: \[x<0\]
At \[x<0\] , \[f\left( x \right)=-x\] , i.e. it is a polynomial. Hence, it is continuous as well as differentiable.
Case 2: \[x=0\]
At \[x=0\] ,
\[\underset{x\to {{0}^{-}}}{\mathop{\lim }}\,f\left( x \right)=\underset{x\to {{0}^{-}}}{\mathop{\lim }}\,\left( -x \right)=0\]
\[\underset{x\to {{0}^{+}}}{\mathop{\lim }}\,f\left( x \right)=\underset{x\to {{0}^{+}}}{\mathop{\lim }}\,{{x}^{2}}=0\]
\[f\left( 0 \right)=0\]
\[\because \underset{x\to {{0}^{-}}}{\mathop{\lim }}\,f\left( x \right)=\underset{x\to {{0}^{+}}}{\mathop{\lim }}\,f\left( x \right)={{\left[ f\left( x \right) \right]}_{x=0}}\]
Hence, function is continuous at \[x=0\] .
Now, we will check the differentiability of the function at \[x=0\] .
The right-hand derivative of \[f\left( x \right)\] at \[x=0\] is given by:
\[f_{+}^{'}\left( 0 \right)=\underset{h\to 0}{\mathop{\lim }}\,\dfrac{f\left( 0+h \right)-f\left( 0 \right)}{h}\]
\[=\underset{h\to 0}{\mathop{\lim }}\,\dfrac{f\left( h \right)-\left( 0 \right)}{h}\]
\[=\underset{h\to 0}{\mathop{\lim }}\,\dfrac{{{h}^{2}}+0}{h}=0\]
Now, the left-hand derivative of the function at \[x=0\] is given by
\[f_{-}^{'}\left( 0 \right)=\underset{h\to 0}{\mathop{\lim }}\,\dfrac{f\left( 0-h \right)-f\left( 0 \right)}{-h}\]
\[=\underset{h\to 0}{\mathop{\lim }}\,\dfrac{f\left( -h \right)-\left( -0 \right)}{-h}\]
\[=\underset{h\to 0}{\mathop{\lim }}\,\dfrac{h+0}{-h}=-1\]
\[\because f_{+}^{'}\left( 0 \right)\ne f_{-}^{'}\left( 0 \right)\]
Hence, \[f\left( x \right)\] is not differentiable at \[x=0\].
Case 3: \[0\le x\le 1\]
At \[0\le x\le 1\] , \[f\left( x \right)={{x}^{2}}\] i.e. it is a polynomial .
Hence, it is continuous as well as differentiable .
Case 4: \[x=1\]
We will check the continuity of the function at \[x=1\] .
\[\underset{x\to {{1}^{-}}}{\mathop{\lim }}\,f\left( x \right)=\underset{x\to {{1}^{-}}}{\mathop{\lim }}\,{{x}^{2}}\]
\[\underset{x\to {{1}^{+}}}{\mathop{\lim }}\,f\left( x \right)=\underset{x\to {{1}^{+}}}{\mathop{\lim }}\,{{x}^{3}}-x+1\]
\[=1-1+1\]
\[=1\]
Also, \[f\left( 1 \right)={{\left( 1 \right)}^{2}}=1\] .
\[\because \underset{x\to {{1}^{-}}}{\mathop{\lim }}\,f\left( x \right)=\underset{x\to {{1}^{+}}}{\mathop{\lim }}\,f\left( x \right)={{\left[ f\left( x \right) \right]}_{x=1}}\]
Hence, the function is continuous at \[x=1\] .
Now, we will check the differentiability of \[f\left( x \right)\] at \[x=1\] .
The right-hand derivative of the function is given by:
\[f_{+}^{'}\left( 1 \right)=\underset{h\to 0}{\mathop{\lim }}\,\dfrac{f\left( 1+h \right)-f\left( 1 \right)}{h}\]
\[=\underset{h\to 0}{\mathop{\lim }}\,\dfrac{{{(1+h)}^{3}}-(1+h)+1-{{\left( 1 \right)}^{2}}}{h}\]
\[=\underset{h\to 0}{\mathop{\lim }}\,\dfrac{{{h}^{3}}+1+3{{h}^{2}}+3h-1-h+1-1}{h}\]
\[=\underset{h\to 0}{\mathop{\lim }}\,\dfrac{{{h}^{3}}+3{{h}^{2}}+2h}{h}=2\]
The left-hand derivative of \[f\left( x \right)\] at \[x=1\] is given by:
\[f_{-}^{'}\left( 1 \right)=\underset{h\to 0}{\mathop{\lim }}\,\dfrac{f\left( 1-h \right)-f\left( 1 \right)}{-h}\]
\[\underset{h\to 0}{\mathop{\lim }}\,\dfrac{{{\left( 1-h \right)}^{2}}-\left( 1 \right)}{-h}\]
\[\underset{h\to 0}{\mathop{\lim }}\,\dfrac{{{h}^{2}}-2h+1-1}{-h}\]
\[\underset{h\to 0}{\mathop{\lim }}\,\dfrac{{{h}^{2}}-2h}{h}\]
\[\underset{h\to 0}{\mathop{\lim }}\,h-2\]
\[=-2\]
Since \[f_{+}^{'}\left( 1 \right)\ne f_{-}^{'}\left( 1 \right)\] , hence, the function is not differentiable at \[x=1\] .
Case 5: \[x>1\]
For \[x>1\] , \[f\left( x \right)={{x}^{3}}-x+1\] which is a polynomial. Hence, it is continuous as well as differentiable.
So, the number of points at which the function is continuous but not differentiable is \[2\] i.e. at \[x=0\] and at \[x=1\] .
Note: A polynomial function is continuous as well as differentiable at all points as every polynomial function consists of some combination of basic mathematical operations, like addition, multiplication, etc. of constant function and identity function, i.e. \[f(x)=x\] . Now, every constant and identity function is differentiable and continuous everywhere. So, a polynomial function is also differentiable and continuous everywhere.
Complete step-by-step answer:
We will consider the following cases to check continuity and differentiability of the function.
Case 1: \[x<0\]
At \[x<0\] , \[f\left( x \right)=-x\] , i.e. it is a polynomial. Hence, it is continuous as well as differentiable.
Case 2: \[x=0\]
At \[x=0\] ,
\[\underset{x\to {{0}^{-}}}{\mathop{\lim }}\,f\left( x \right)=\underset{x\to {{0}^{-}}}{\mathop{\lim }}\,\left( -x \right)=0\]
\[\underset{x\to {{0}^{+}}}{\mathop{\lim }}\,f\left( x \right)=\underset{x\to {{0}^{+}}}{\mathop{\lim }}\,{{x}^{2}}=0\]
\[f\left( 0 \right)=0\]
\[\because \underset{x\to {{0}^{-}}}{\mathop{\lim }}\,f\left( x \right)=\underset{x\to {{0}^{+}}}{\mathop{\lim }}\,f\left( x \right)={{\left[ f\left( x \right) \right]}_{x=0}}\]
Hence, function is continuous at \[x=0\] .
Now, we will check the differentiability of the function at \[x=0\] .
The right-hand derivative of \[f\left( x \right)\] at \[x=0\] is given by:
\[f_{+}^{'}\left( 0 \right)=\underset{h\to 0}{\mathop{\lim }}\,\dfrac{f\left( 0+h \right)-f\left( 0 \right)}{h}\]
\[=\underset{h\to 0}{\mathop{\lim }}\,\dfrac{f\left( h \right)-\left( 0 \right)}{h}\]
\[=\underset{h\to 0}{\mathop{\lim }}\,\dfrac{{{h}^{2}}+0}{h}=0\]
Now, the left-hand derivative of the function at \[x=0\] is given by
\[f_{-}^{'}\left( 0 \right)=\underset{h\to 0}{\mathop{\lim }}\,\dfrac{f\left( 0-h \right)-f\left( 0 \right)}{-h}\]
\[=\underset{h\to 0}{\mathop{\lim }}\,\dfrac{f\left( -h \right)-\left( -0 \right)}{-h}\]
\[=\underset{h\to 0}{\mathop{\lim }}\,\dfrac{h+0}{-h}=-1\]
\[\because f_{+}^{'}\left( 0 \right)\ne f_{-}^{'}\left( 0 \right)\]
Hence, \[f\left( x \right)\] is not differentiable at \[x=0\].
Case 3: \[0\le x\le 1\]
At \[0\le x\le 1\] , \[f\left( x \right)={{x}^{2}}\] i.e. it is a polynomial .
Hence, it is continuous as well as differentiable .
Case 4: \[x=1\]
We will check the continuity of the function at \[x=1\] .
\[\underset{x\to {{1}^{-}}}{\mathop{\lim }}\,f\left( x \right)=\underset{x\to {{1}^{-}}}{\mathop{\lim }}\,{{x}^{2}}\]
\[\underset{x\to {{1}^{+}}}{\mathop{\lim }}\,f\left( x \right)=\underset{x\to {{1}^{+}}}{\mathop{\lim }}\,{{x}^{3}}-x+1\]
\[=1-1+1\]
\[=1\]
Also, \[f\left( 1 \right)={{\left( 1 \right)}^{2}}=1\] .
\[\because \underset{x\to {{1}^{-}}}{\mathop{\lim }}\,f\left( x \right)=\underset{x\to {{1}^{+}}}{\mathop{\lim }}\,f\left( x \right)={{\left[ f\left( x \right) \right]}_{x=1}}\]
Hence, the function is continuous at \[x=1\] .
Now, we will check the differentiability of \[f\left( x \right)\] at \[x=1\] .
The right-hand derivative of the function is given by:
\[f_{+}^{'}\left( 1 \right)=\underset{h\to 0}{\mathop{\lim }}\,\dfrac{f\left( 1+h \right)-f\left( 1 \right)}{h}\]
\[=\underset{h\to 0}{\mathop{\lim }}\,\dfrac{{{(1+h)}^{3}}-(1+h)+1-{{\left( 1 \right)}^{2}}}{h}\]
\[=\underset{h\to 0}{\mathop{\lim }}\,\dfrac{{{h}^{3}}+1+3{{h}^{2}}+3h-1-h+1-1}{h}\]
\[=\underset{h\to 0}{\mathop{\lim }}\,\dfrac{{{h}^{3}}+3{{h}^{2}}+2h}{h}=2\]
The left-hand derivative of \[f\left( x \right)\] at \[x=1\] is given by:
\[f_{-}^{'}\left( 1 \right)=\underset{h\to 0}{\mathop{\lim }}\,\dfrac{f\left( 1-h \right)-f\left( 1 \right)}{-h}\]
\[\underset{h\to 0}{\mathop{\lim }}\,\dfrac{{{\left( 1-h \right)}^{2}}-\left( 1 \right)}{-h}\]
\[\underset{h\to 0}{\mathop{\lim }}\,\dfrac{{{h}^{2}}-2h+1-1}{-h}\]
\[\underset{h\to 0}{\mathop{\lim }}\,\dfrac{{{h}^{2}}-2h}{h}\]
\[\underset{h\to 0}{\mathop{\lim }}\,h-2\]
\[=-2\]
Since \[f_{+}^{'}\left( 1 \right)\ne f_{-}^{'}\left( 1 \right)\] , hence, the function is not differentiable at \[x=1\] .
Case 5: \[x>1\]
For \[x>1\] , \[f\left( x \right)={{x}^{3}}-x+1\] which is a polynomial. Hence, it is continuous as well as differentiable.
So, the number of points at which the function is continuous but not differentiable is \[2\] i.e. at \[x=0\] and at \[x=1\] .
Note: A polynomial function is continuous as well as differentiable at all points as every polynomial function consists of some combination of basic mathematical operations, like addition, multiplication, etc. of constant function and identity function, i.e. \[f(x)=x\] . Now, every constant and identity function is differentiable and continuous everywhere. So, a polynomial function is also differentiable and continuous everywhere.
Recently Updated Pages
If x a + bt + ct2 where x is in meters and t is in class 11 physics CBSE

A car covers the first half distance between two places class 11 physics CBSE

The resultant of two vectors overrightarrow P and overrightarrow class 11 physics CBSE

Find the value of cos 135 class 11 maths CBSE

A mass M is held in place by an applied force F and class 11 physics CBSE

A solution of glucose in water is labelled as 10 dfracwv class 11 chemistry CBSE

Trending doubts
One Metric ton is equal to kg A 10000 B 1000 C 100 class 11 physics CBSE

Find the value of the expression given below sin 30circ class 11 maths CBSE

What do you mean by retardation What is its SI uni class 11 physics CBSE

Draw a diagram of nephron and explain its structur class 11 biology CBSE

10 examples of friction in our daily life

Difference between physical and chemical change class 11 chemistry CBSE

